Tracking the Routes

The research project will explore the prehistoric exchange network of the raw material copper by using both archaeological and analytical tools. In our previous FWF project (P32095, 2019 2023), we discovered a substantial influx of copper raw material from Trentino (North Italy) on the Late Bronze Age metallurgy (1400- 800 BC) in Southeastern Europe. Despite the abundant copper ore deposits, the local communities in the Balkans, particularly in the ore-rich region of Eastern Serbia, ceased domestic copper production around 1600 BC, signalling a significant cultural and economic transformation. The escalating demand for raw materials in the thriving local metallurgical sector necessitated the exploration of fresh sources and connections, and copper from Trentino emerged as a dominant resource for Balkan metallurgy. This current project seeks to meticulously investigate the intricate communication and trading routes between the regions in Italy and the Balkans. The Adriatic Sea on one side and the Sava River valley on the other represent the most likely connection routes taken. However, due to the absence of analytical results for metal objects from these intermediary areas, the extent and structure of copper supply networks still need to be elucidated. The primary objective of this study is to establish a chronological framework of the initial appearance of Trentino copper and reconstruct the distribution of raw material networks. Through focused case studies, we aim to explore the levels of interaction of various sub-districts and analyse the impact of long-lasting raw material supply on social transformation. By employing rigorous archaeological scrutiny and metal analyses, including trace elements and lead isotopes, we intend to expand our existing dataset. The use analyses will enable us to confirm the potential presence of copper from other European production regions, such as Austria (Mitterberg) or Slovakia. Our sampling strategy will encompass archaeological, chronological, and topographical considerations, supported by Least-Cost-Path analysis for reconstructing ancient routes. This interdisciplinary study represents the first attempt to integrate archaeology and metal analyses to shed light on the transfer of a crucial commodity between Italy and the Balkans during the Bronze Age. The results of our project will significantly reshape perceptions of prehistoric developments in the region spanning the Alps, Adriatic Sea, and the Balkans, particularly concerning the circulation of copper and its impact on contacts and exchanges.